moga2 bermanfaat bagi yg tertarik nglamar jadi reporter, video editor,
kameramen, creative, program director, news presenter, quality control,
dsj distasiun tv (sering keluar saat test tertulis).
bwt anak2 yg kuliah broadcast yg udah pada tau mohon mangap aja ya..?:d


Audio Visual: Sebutan bagi perangkat yang menggunakkan unsur suara dan gambar.
Art Director: Sebutan bagi pengarah seni artistik dari sebuah produksi.
Asisten Produser: Seseorang yang membantu produser dalam menjalankan tugasnya.
Audio Mixing: Proses penyatuan dan penyelarasan suara dari berbagai macam jenis dan bentuk suara.
Angle: Sudut pengambilan gambar.
Animator: Sebutan bagi seseorang yang beprofesi sebagai pembuat animasi.
Audio Effect: Efek suara.
Atmosfir / Ambience: Suara natural dari objek gambar.
Broadcasting: Proses pengiriman sinyal ke berbagai lokasi secara
bersamaan baik melalui satelit, radio, televisi, komunikasi data pada
jaringan dan lain sebagainya.
Broadcaster: Sebutan bagi seseorang yang bekerja dalam industri penyiaran.
Background: Latar belakang.
Blocking: Penempatan objek yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan gambar.
Bridging scene: Adegan perantara diantara adegan – adegan lainnya.
Back Light: Penempatan lampu dasar dari sudut belakang objek.
Rundown: Penentuan gambar yang sesuai dengan naskah atau urutan acara.
Bumper In: Penanda bahwa program acara TV dimulai kembali setelah iklan komersial.
Bumper Out: Penanda bahwa program acara TV akan berhenti sejenak karena iklan komersial.
Credit Title: Urutan nama tim produksi dan pendukung acara.
Chroma Key: Sebuah metode elektronis yang melakukan penggabungan
antara gambar video yang satu dengan gambar video lainnya dimana dalam
prosesnya digunakan teknik Key Colour yang dapat diubah sesuai
kebutuhan foreground dan background.
Cutting on Beat: Teknik pemotongan gambar berdasar tempo.
Teaser: Sebutan bagi adegan atau gambar yang akan mengundang
rasa ingin tahu penonton tentang kelanjutan acara, namun harus ditunda
karena ada jeda iklan komersial.
Cut: Pemotongan gambar.
Cutting: Proses pemotongan gambar.
Camera Blocking: Penempatan posisi kamera yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan gambar.
Crazy Shot: Gambar yang direkam melalui kamera yang tidak beraturan.
Compotition: Komposisi.
Continuity: Kesinambungan.
Cross Blocking: Penempatan posisi objek secara silang sesuai dengan kebutuhan gambar.
Crane: Katrol khusus untuk kamera dan penata kamera yang dapat bergerak keatas dan kebawah.
Clip On: Mikrofon khusus yang dipasang pada objek tanpa terlihat.
Casting: Proses pemilihan pemain lakon sesuai dengan karakter dan peran yang akan diberikan.
Desain Compugrafis: Rancangan grafis yang digambar melalui tekhnologi komputer.
Durasi: Waktu yang diberikan atau dijalankan.
Dissolve: Tekhnik penumpukan gambar pada editing maupun syuting multi kamera.
Depth of Field: Area dimana seluruh objek yang diterima oleh
lensa dan kamera muncul dengan fokus yang tepat. Biasanya hal ini
dipengaruhi oleh jarak antara objek dan kamera, focal length dari lensa
dan f-stop.
Dialogue: Percakapan yang muncul dalam adegan.
Dramatic Emotion: Emosi gambar secara dramatis.
Dubbing: pengisian suara / narasi .
Editing: Proses pemotongan gambar.
Ending Title: Urutan nama yang dicantumkan pada akhir movie.
Establish Shot: Gambar pengenalan yang natural dan wajar.
Focus: Penyelarasan gambar secara detail, tajam, dan jernih hingga mendekati objek aslinya.
Final Editing: Proses pemotongan gambar secara menyeluruh.
Floor Director: Seseorang yang bertanggung jawab membantu mengkomunikasikan keinginan sutradara, dari master kontrol ke studio produksi.
Filter Camera: Filter yang digunakan untuk kamera.
Footage: Gambar – gambar yang tersedia dan dapat digunakan.
Foreground: Latar depan.
Hunting Location: Proses pencarian dan penggunaan lokasi terbaik untuk syuting.
Headset: Digunakan untuk dapat mendengarkan suara sutradara.
Hand Held: Tekhnik penggunaan kamera dengan tangan tanpa tripod.
Intercut: Gambar penghubung antar sequence satu ke yang lain.
Jumping Shot: Proses pengambilan gambar secara tidak berurutan.
Juncta Position: Kondisi dimana latar belakang menjadi satu dengan obyek dan sangat mengganggu.
Jimmy Jib: Katrol kamera otomatis yang digerakkan dengan remote.
Job Description: Deskripsi tentang jenis pekerjaan.
Jeda Komersial: Saat penayangan iklan komersial diantara acara televisi.
Job Title: Penamaan jabatan pada pekerjaan.
Kreator: Sebutan bagi seseorang yang menciptakan karya kreatif.
Lighting: Penataan cahaya.
Lighting Effect: Efek dari penataan cahaya.
Lensa Wide: Digunakan untuk memperbesar sudut pandang pengambilan gambar dari kamera.
Lensa Super Wide: Digunakan untuk sangat memperbesar sudut pandang pengambilan gambar dari kamera.
Master Control: Perangkat teknis utama penyiaran untuk
mengontrol proses distribusi audio dan video dari berbagai input pada
produksi untuk siaran live show maupun recorded.

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Main Object: Target pada objek utama.
Monitor: Digunakan untuk memantau gambar.
Master Video: Video utama berisikan rekaman acara televisi yang siap untuk ditayangkan maupun disimpan.
Multi Camera: Sistem dari tata produksi audio visual yang syuting secara bersamaan dengan menggunakan sejumlah kamera.
Master Shot: Gambar pilihan utama dari sebuah adegan yang kemudian dijadikan referensi atau rujukan saat melakukan editing.
Noise: Gangguan pada sirkulasi signal audio maupun video yang mengganggu program acara.
News Director: Direktur pemberitaan yang bertanggung jawab atas seluruh isi pemberitaan yang disiarkan secara aktual berdasarkan fakta.
Off Line: Proses editing awal untuk memilih gambar terbaik
dengan time code dari berbagai stock shot sesuai dengan kebutuhan
adegan. Hasil dari gambar tersebut ditransformasikan dalam bentuk
workprint dengan EDL (edit decision List).
On Line: Proses akhir editing untuk menyempurnakan, mempercantik dan memperindah gambar setelah melalui proses off line.
Opening Scene: Adegan yang dirancang khusus untuk membuka acara
atau cerita. Biasanya adegan ini dikemas kreatif dan menarik untuk
mendpatkan perhatian penonton.
Opening Shot: Komposisi sudut pengambilan gambar pada awal adegan atau acara yang dirancang khusus untuk menarik perhatian penonton.
OB Van: Outside Broadcasting Van, mobil khusus yang membawa
perangkat tekhnis penyiaran audio dan video untuk memproduksi program
diluar studio. Dapat juga digunakan untuk master control bagi siaran
langsung.
Over Exposed: Kondisi dimana pencahayaan terlalu terang.
Property: Berbagai aksesori.
Program Directing: Penyutradaraan program televisi.
Programming: Tekhnik penyusunan program acara televisi yang ditayangkan secara berurutan.
Praproduksi: Berbagai kegiatan persiapan sebelum pelaksanaan produksi dimulai.
Paskaproduksi: Proses penyelesaian akhir dari produksi.Biasanya istilah ini digunakan pada proses editing.
Produser: Pimpinan produksi yang bertanggung jawab kepada
seluruh kegiatan pengkoordinasian pelaksanaan praproduksi, produksi
sampai paskaproduksi.
Rating: Perhitungan secara statistikal untuk mengukur tingkat popularitas program acara televisi terhadap penonton.
Rundown: Susunan isi dan alur cerita dari program acara televisi
yang dibatasi oleh durasi, jeda komersial, segmentasi, dan bahasa
naskah.
Run Through: Latihan akhir bagi seluruh pendukung acara televisi yang disesuaikan dengan urutan acara sesuai dalam rundown.
Reportase: Sebuah laporan perjalanan atau liputan lapangan yang digunakan untuk mendukung data – data aktual dan faktual.
Retake: Pengulangan pengambilan adegan gambar.
Shot: Ambil Gambar.
Simply Shot: Gambar yang diambil dari sudut yang mudah.
Sequence: satu rangkaian gambar yang terdiri dari berbagai angle dan ukuran shot yang menggambarkan suatu kejadian
Stand By: Komando akhir yang menunjukkan bahwa seluruh komponen produksi telah siap untuk melaksanakan syuting.
Stock Shot: Berbagai bentuk gambar yang diciptakan untuk dijadikan pilihan pada saat gambar gambar tersebut memasuki proses editing.
Suspense: Istilah yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan adegan – adegan yang menegangkan dan mengundang rasa was was bagi penonton.
Sound: Penataan suara.
Sound Effect: Efek suara yang diciptakan atau digunakan untuk mendukung suasana dari adegan.
Steady Shot: Gambar sempurna dan tidak terlalu banyak bergerak, yang dapat dinikmati dengan posisi diam.
Switcher: Istilah populer bagi perangkat tekhnis untuk
memindah-mindahkan pemilihan gambar dari berbagai stock shot maupun
input kamera. Alat ini digunakan untuk syuting multi kamera.
Switcherman: Seseorang yang bertugas melaksanakan proses pemindahan gambar sesuai dengan komando sutradara.
Streaming: Proses pengiriman gambar via internet.
Studio: Lokasi khusus tempat pelaksanaan kerja produksi
berlangsung. Dapat untuk melaksanakan syuting (shooting studio) maupun
untuk editing (post production studio).
Sound Mixer: Mixer pengendali dari berbagai input suara yang dipilah melalui sejumlah jalur (track).
Slow Motion: Pergerakkan gambar yang diperlambat sesuai dengan kebutuhan alur cerita.
Technical Director: Pengarah / Direktur tehnik.
Teleprompter: piranti didepan kamera yang membantu presenter membaca naskah.
Take: Istilah yang digunakan untuk dan pada saat pengambilan gambar berlangsung. Dapat juga digunakan sebagai catatan pada naskah.
Two Shot: Istilah komando sutradara yang seringkali digunakan untuk mengarahkan kamera kepada dua objek yang dituju.
Three Shot: Istilah komando sutradara yang seringkali digunakan untuk mengarahkan kamera kepada tiga objek yang dituju.
Theme Song: Lagu khusus yang diciptakan atau dipakai sebagai pendukungikatan emosi dari program acara kepada penonton.
Up Link: Proses Pengiriman gambar via satelit.
Under Exposed: Kondisi dimana pencahayaan kurang / lemah cenderung gelap.
VTR: Video Tape Recording.
Voice Over (VO): Suara dari announcer atau penyiar untuk mendukung isi cerita namun tidak tampak dilayar televisi.
Vision Mixer: Sebutan lain untuk istilah populer “switcher”.
Wireless Camera: Kamera yang menggunakan transmisi signal untuk mengirimkan hasil gambar tanpa menggunakan kabel.
White Balance: Prosedur untuk mengkoreksi warna gambar dari
kamera dengan mengubah sensitivitas CCD ke dalam spektrum cahaya.
Umumnya prosedur ini menggunakan cahaya putih sebagai dasar.
Wardrobe: Berbagai aksesori pendukung kostum bagi peran – peran tertentu.

Istilah Teknik Broadcast

A
AC (Alternating Current) - Electrical current that changes polarity regularly and continually.
Active Picture Area - The part of a TV picture that contains actual
image information as opposed to sync or other data. Vertically the
active picture area is 486 lines for NTSC and 576 lines for PAL. The
inactive area is called blanking.
AGC (Automatic Gain Control) - Electronic circuit designed to keep
signals at an acceptable level by amplifying signals that are too low
or reducing signals that are too high.
AFM recording (Audio Frequency Modulation) - An audio signal is
frequency-modulated and recorded on the video track together with a
video signal, enabling multi-channel audio recording and better
reproduction.
Amp (Ampere) - Unit of electrical measure equal to one volt sent
through a resistance of one ohm. Also one watt divided by one volt.
Amplified - Any electronic device used to increase the level or power of signals applied to it.
Analog - A signal that varies continuously over a range of amplitudes.
A digital signal by contrast has only two values, representing 1 or 0.
Aperture - The opening in a lens, controlling the amount of light that passes through the lens.

B
Back focus - The distance from the rear element of a lens to the image plane on the camera.
Broadcast Quality - A nebulous term used to describe the output of a
manufacturers product . Usually at least means that the technical
specifications meet the FCC rules for broadcasting.
Bandwidth - The amount of audio or radio spectrum required or used by a signal or waveform.
Barn door - A metal flap or group of metal flaps attached to the front
of a lamp housing to prevent light from spilling outside a desired area.
Bayonet - Mount used on most cameras to secure the lens on the body by
using a lens fixing ring. Could also be an electrical connerctor.
Betacam - A component broadcast system using half-inch tape and cases similar to those for the Beta format.
Bidirectional microphone - A microphone designed to pick up sound on
two sides of the microphone along the same axis, but reject sound from
any other direction.
Black balance - Adjustment is done in order to assure that black has no
color. The camera balances the black levels of the R, G and B channels.
Black set - A reference level for black balance adjustment.
BNC connector - A connector with a bayonet lock used with coaxial video cable.
Boom microphone - Any microphone, but usually a unidirectional or
shotgun microphone, attached to a pole or boom to keep the microphone
near an audio source but outside of the field of view.
Brightness control - A control used to adjust the illumination of
viewfinders, monitors, and receivers, but not affecting signal levels
from cameras or other picture sources.
Burn - Part of a pickup tubes that has a depletion of charge evidence
by a negative image of the picture source causing the depletion. This
condition is temporary unless the tube is turned off and allowed to
cool before the problem is corrected.

C
Cable - The electrical cords used to interconnect pieces of audio and video equipment.
Camera cap - A cap screwed or mounted onto the front of a camera in
place of the lens to protect the camera pickup tube from light or dirt
when the lens is not in place.
Cannon - A three pin connector used with balanced audio lines for line
and mic level audio signals. Also known as an XL or XLR connector.
Capacitor - An electrical device which stores energy as an electrostatic charge. Often used as a component in filter circuits.
CCD (Charge-coupled device) - It replaced the pickup tube, a CCD is a
solid state imager which converts input light levels into electrical
charges, which are once stored and then output in the form of voltage
variations.
CCU - (Camera control unit)
Center marker - A cross that indicates the center of the image on the viewfinder screen.
CG (Character Generator) - A small computer used to generate titles and other text electronically without the use of a camera.
Chroma - The characteristic of a color which refers to its saturation
or intensity. Also the color pattern of the television signal.
Chroma key - A key based on the chroma saturation and hue of portions
of a picture, rather than on the luminance, or brightness. A specific
hue is replaced by one picture source, while the rest of the picture is
replaced by another picture source. A chroma key is an external key.
Chrominance - The color portion of the television signal.
Chrominance signal or chroma signal - Is a video signal containing color information.
C-mount lens - A lens with a standard one-inch threaded mount assembly
that is screwed into the camera body, as opposed to a bayonet or “m”
mount.
Coaxial cable - A cable having a center conductor surrounded by insulation and a grounded shield.
Color bar signal - Is a test signal which can be displayed as vertical
bars of different colors on a color video monitor. It is used to check
chrominance functions of color television and camera’s.
Color conversion filter - Is an optical filter used with video cameras to convert the color temperature of a light source.
Color temperature - Is measured in Kelvins (K). Each light source has it’s own color temperature.
Component video signal - A signal that consists of a luminance signal
(Y) and two chrominance (color difference) signals (R-Y, B-Y).
Composite video signal - A signal that consists of video (luminance and
color subcarrier), sync (horizontal and vertical), and color burst
signals.
Condensation - Is moisture condensation usualy on the head drum, which
cases the tape to stick to the drum, resulting in damaging the tape and
posible malfunction of the recorder.
Condenser microphone - A microphone using a power supply (usually a
battery) to maintain a charge across two plates which modulate a
voltage when the distance between them changes.
Contrast - The difference in illumination between the brightest and darkest parts of a scene or picture.
Contrast control - A control used to change the amplitude of the video
signal in viewfinders receivers, and monitors, but not affecting the
output of cameras or other video sources.
Control track - A reference signal recorded on videotape and used to
control the path of the video heads across the tape on playback.
Credits - Listings of all those involved in making a program, usually appearing at the end of a television program or film.
CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) - Video camera viewfinders are equipped with a
CR1 image display, so you can monitor what you are shooting.
CTDM (Compressed Time Division Multiplex) - A method of processing
chrominance signals for recording. When component video signals are
recorded, both of the two chrominance signals (R—Y, B—Y) are
time-compressed to half, multiplexed, and recorded on a single track
one after the other.
CTL - Control signal in the form of regular pulses recorded along a
longitudinal track on the videotape. By counting these pulses, it is
possible to determine the number of frames, and hence the tape’s
running time. Used mainly to adjust the tracking position of video
heads, and to achieve time code continuity in continuous recording.

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D
D1 - Digital video tape format using the CCIR 601 standard to record
4:2:2 component video on 19mm tape. Currently the highest quality video
tape format generally available. The first digital video tape format,
hence D1.
D2 - Digital video tape format using the 4fsc method to record
composite digital video. Uses 19mm tape and a cassette similar to D1.
The second digital video tape format, hence D2.
D3 - Digital video tape format using 4fsc composite signals like D2,
but recorded on 12.5 mm (1/2-inch) tape. The third digital video tape
format…
D4 - Doesn’t exist. The number 4 is considered unlucky in Japan .
D5 - Digital video tape format using CCIR 601, 4:2:2 video. Uses the same cassette as D3.
dB (Decibel) - A unit used to compare the relative levels of electrical signals on a logarithmic scale.
DCC (Dynamic Contrast Control) - Restores lost detail when shooting against bright backgrounds
Digital - A form in which everything is defined by a series of numbers, usually ones and zeros (binary).
Digital Betacam - Digital video tape format using the CCIR 601 standard
to record 4:2:2 component video in compressed form on 12.5mm (1/2-inch)
tape.
DDR (Digital Disk Recorder) - A digital video recording device based on
high speed computer disk drives. Commonly used as a means to get video
into and out from computers and for editing.
Digitizing - The act of taking analog video and/or audio and converting
it to digital form. In 8 bit digital video there are 256 possible steps
between maximum white and minimum black.
Dissolve - The gradual change from one picture to another, allowing the pictures to be superimposed during the transition.
Distortion - Any undesirable alteration in an audio or video signal.
Drop frame - mode SMPTE time code runs at 30 frames/second, while the
NTSC color television system runs at about 29.97 frames/second. This
results in that a length of 1 hour as indicated by time code is longer
than the actual clock time of 1 hour by 108 frames, or about 3.6
seconds. Drop frame mode adjusts the running of time code to eliminate
this discrepancy, by dropping two frames from time code account at the
beginning of each minute except every tenth minute. On the other hand,
non-drop frame mode does not adjust the discrepancy between time code
value and actual time.
Dolly - A wheeled device attached to a tripod to allow smooth movement
of a camera. Also a camera movement toward or away from the subject
(dolly forward, dolly back).
Dub - To copy by playing back on one machine and recording on another.
Duct tape - A shiny adhesive tape designed for holding metal heating
and cooling ducts, but also commonly used as a substitute for gaffers
tape, a general purpose tape used in television and film.
DVC (Digital Video Cassette) - A digital tape recording format using
approximately 5:1 compression to produce near-Betacam quality on a very
small cassette. Originated as a consumer product, but being used
professionally as exemplified by Panasonic’s variation, DVC-Pro, and
Sony’s variation DVCam.
DVD (Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disk) - A new format for
putting full length movies on a 5″ CD using MPEG-2 compression for
“much better than VHS” quality.
DVE (Digital Video Effects) - A “black box” which digitally manipulates
the video to create special effects, for example, the ADO (Ampex
Digital Optics) system. Common DVE effects include inverting the
picture, shrinking it, moving it around within the frame of another
picture, spinning it, and a great many more.
Dynamic microphone - A microphone which uses a magnet moving in a coil of wire to generate an electrical signal.

E
EBU (European Broadcasting Union) - Established by broadcasting and related organizations in Europe.
EFP (Electronic Field Production) - Production of a television program
or program segment by using portable video cameras, VTRs, and sound
equipment outside the studios. EFP is characterized by generally higher
production quality than ENG.
ENG (Electronic News Gathering) - The use of portable video cameras,
VTRs, and sound equipment for the production of daily news stories and
short documentaries.

F
Field - One scan from the top to the bottom of the television frame,
tracing alternate horizontal lines and taking one sixtieth of a second
to complete.
Filter - A flat piece of glass or gelatin with no optical properties other than to control the color or intensity of light.
Filter. An electrical device used to reduce the transmission of signals
in some frequency ranges and allow transmission of signals in other
frequency ranges.
Flag - A metal flap used near a lens to keep lights from shining directly into the lens and causing lens flare.
Flare Dark - Colored flashes caused by signal overload through extreme
light reflections of polished objects or very bright lights.
Flicker - Repeated change of brightness on the screen.
Focal length - The distance from the optical center of a lens to the focal plane.
Focal plane - The plane perpendicular to the lens axis at which parallel rays striking the lens are converged to a point.
Focus - To cause a sharp image from a lens to be projected onto the
focal plane (in the case of a camera) or onto a screen (in the case of
a projector). Also to adjust the electron beam converging circuits in a
television monitor for maximum sharpness as they strike the surface of
the picture tube.
Frame - A complete television picture consisting of two interlaced
fields of video. The frame rate for PAL system is 24 frames per second
and for the NTSC system is thirty frames per second.
Freeze frame - The continuous repetition of a single frame of video.
Frequency - The rate of repetition of an electrical or audio signal, expressed in Hertz (cycles per second).
Fresnel - A special light-weight lens used in focusing beams of light.
Originally used in lighthouses, now also used in high-quality studio
and theatrical lights.
F-stop - The size of the aperture in a lens, given in f-numbers. The
lower the f-number, the more light passes through the lens. It is the
ratio of the lens focal length to the actual diameter of the aperture
opening. See T-stop.
Fuse - A device designed to interrupt an electrical circuit in the event of an overload of that circuit.

G
Gaffer’s tape - A strong adhesive tape used in film and television production.
Gain - Degree of amplification. The difference between the signal level
at the input of a device and the level at the output, usually expressed
in dB.
Genloc - To reference a signal generator to a signal normally external
to and separate from the system controlled by the signal generator. The
purpose is to bring a system, such as a studio, into proper timing with
an external source, such as a live remote camera, so that special
effects as wipes, keys, and dissolves can be done using the external
source in combination with internal sources.
Grip - The crew member principally responsible for the transportation, maintenance and mounting of the camera.

H
HAD (Hole-Accumulated Diode) - A CCD sensor structure designed to
suppress certain types of noise inherent to CCDs. See also CCD.
HDTV (High Definition Television) - A TV format capable of displaying
on a wider screen (16×9 as opposed to the conventional 4×3) and at
higher resolution.
Head - The uppermost portion of a tripod or pedestal which provides for the ability to pan and tilt the camera.
Hertz - Cycle per second.
Hiss - The background noise generated in an audio system which is internally generated by microphones, amplifiers, and tape.
Horizontal resolution - The capability of a video camera or a display
unit to resolve detail in the horizontal direction. Usually expressed
as the number of vertical lines which can be distinguished in the
reproduced image of a test chart.
Horizontal sync - That portion of the sync signal that controls the
horizontal timing (and therefore horizontal location) of each line of
picture.
Hum - Unwanted low frequency audio noise caused by improperly shielded or improperly grounded audio cables and circuits.

I
Internal sync - Synchronizing signals generated by a camera, recorder,
or other picture source without reference to or need of external
synchronizing signals.
I signal - One of the two color signals, containing reddish orange and
bluish green components to which the human eye is sensitive.
IRE scale - The scale to determine video signal amplitudes devised by
the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), an American organization now
called the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). The
IRE scale includes a total of 140 units, with 100 up and 40 down from
zero.
Iris - A circular mechanical device built into a camera lens, to permit
control of the amount of light passing through the lens by varying the
diameter of its central aperture.

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K
Key - A video special effect in which the level of a video signal is
used as a switch which allows selective substitution of picture
information from one source with picture information from a different
source. Luminance keyers use the amplitude of the monochrome portion of
the signal, while chroma keyers use the amplitude of a specific color
or hue. Most printed material is inserted into video using luminance
keys, while picture information is inserted using chroma keys.
Keystone - The effect of projecting an image onto a surface that is not
perpendicular to the axis of the projecting lens. Parallel lines tend
to converge in the direction where the surface is closer to the lens.

L
Lag - The tendency in some camera pickup tubes to retain an image after
it is no longer presented to the tube. This effect is most evident when
a relatively bright image is replaced by a darker field of view and is
aggravated when a bright image is stationary in the field of view for
an extended period of time before it is replaced.
Latent image - The image retained by a pickup tube after the source of
that image is removed. If a latent image is present on a pickup tube
when a camera is turned off, the image may be permanently fixed on the
tube.
Lavalier - A microphone worn on the body and held in place either with
a lanyard worn around the neck or a clip fastened to clothing. The
frequency response of a lavalier microphone is skewed toward the higher
frequencies to compensate for the low frequency sound transmitted
directly to the microphone by contact with the body.
Lens hood - Also lens shade. A cone fastened to the front end of a lens
to keep incident light from striking the lens elements and causing lens
flare.
Limiter - An amplifier designed to limit or compress signals over a
desired level, thus reducing the chances of distortion and keeping the
range of signal levels within the range that can be recorded. Unlike an
automatic gain control, a limiter does not augment or boost low levels.
LNG recording (Longitudinal recording) - To record audio signals on tape along its longitudinal tracks.
LTC Longitudinal Time Code - A time code recorded along the tape in the
forward direction of tape run. A VTR cannot reproduce LTC when tape run
stops to output a still picture. The output level of LTC is very low
when tape runs slowly. So an LTC read error is likely to occur while
the VTR is playing back in slow motion. See also Time code and VITC.
Luminance signal - A signal that determines the brightness of the picture. Also called Y signal.

M
Mixer - An electronic device for combining the outputs of several sound
sources, with separate control over the volume or quality of each.
Metal tape - Magnetic tape coated with fine metallic particles, noted for its high recording density.

N
ND filter (Neutral Density filter) - ND filters reduce the amount of
incident light equally across the entire visible wavelength range
without affecting color.
Noise - Any unwanted signal interfering with the clarity and
intelligibility of desired signals. The background of static inherent
in any recording or amplifying device, generally forty to sixty db
below the peak output level of the device.
Non-Linear Editor - An editing system based on storage of video and
audio on computer disk, where the order or lengths of scenes can be
changed without the necessity of re-assembling or copying the program.
NTNC (National Television Standards Commitee) - Video format using 525
scan lines, tape running at about 30 frames per second. This format is
mainly used in North America .
Nuvicon - A type of video pickup tube used in inexpensive color television cameras.

O
Omnidirectional microphone - A microphone which picks up sound equally well from all directions.
Optical Viewfinder - A camera viewfinder which has no electronics and
therefore cannot reflect the actual picture being transmitted from the
camera. Optical viewfinders for inexpensive television cameras are
rangefinder viewfinders which are separate from the camera lens system
and show a picture slightly different from that seen by the camera. The
difference is most troublesome for subjects close to the camera where
the angle of difference, or parallax, is greatest.
Off-Line Editor - A low resolution, usually computer and disk based
edit system in which the creative editing decisions can be made at
lower cost and often with greater flexibility than in an expensive
fully equipped on-line suite. See also Non-Linear Editor.
On-Line Editor - An editing system where the actual video master is
created. An on-line bay usually consists of an editing computer, video
switcher, audio mixer, 1 or more channels of DVE, character generator,
and several video tape machines.
Oxide tape - Magnetic tape coated with fine particles of manganese oxide.

P
PAL (Phase Alternate Line) - The television and video standard in use
in most of Europe . Consists of 625 horizontal lines at a field rate of
50 fields per second. (Two fields equals one complete Frame).
PAL (Phase Alternating Line) - Video Standard, 625 scan lines (Only 576
of these lines are used for picture. The rest are used for sync or
extra information such as VITC and Closed Captioning), tape runs at 25
frames per second.
Pixel Short for Picture Element - The basic unit from which a video or
computer picture is made. Essentially a dot with a given color and
brightness value. The more pixels the higher the resolution of the
picture.
Parabola - A parabolic dish used to reflect sound waves, concentrating
them on a microphone, allowing sound to be picked up from greater
distances than with even a normal unidirectional or shotgun microphone.
Parallax - The difference in view caused by looking at a scene from two slightly different locations.
Patch bay - Patch panel. A control panel where all the video and audio
lines used in a studio are brought together and terminated in
connectors allowing any combination of lines to be wired together as
desired by patching in short lengths of cable.
Pedestal - A camera support generally restricted to studio use having a single elevator column mounted on a tricycle base.
Pedestal level - A black level which is the absolute black level of a
video signal. Normally, a video signal refers to the setup level (about
0% to 5% of video amplitude above the blanking level) as the black
level.
Pickup tube - A light-sensitive electron tube which is scanned by an
electron beam to convert an image focused on the face of the tube into
an electronic signal.
Pop - Microphone distortion caused by speaking certain consonants
(especially “p”) into a microphone placed too close to the mouth.

Q
Q signal - One of the two color signals, containing yellow and violet
components to which the human eye is relatively insensitive.
Quartz-halogen - The light of choice in color television, designed to
maintain correct color temperature and uniform output throughout its
life. Provides much higher output than conventional tungsten light of
the same power consumption and has a life up to one hundred times that
of common tungsten photographic lights. These lamps are sensitive to
shock and handling and should never be touched with bare hands.

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R
RGB (Red, Green, Blue) - The primary colors of light. Computers and
some analog component devices use separate red, green, and blue color
channels to keep the full bandwidth and therefore the highest quality
picture.
Radio mic - Transmitter mic or wireless mic. A microphone connected to
a small radio transmitter, used in situations where cables would be
cumbersome or impossible to use. FCC regulations are stringent in the
use of transmitter microphones.
Receiver - Any device capable of demodulating an RF signal, such as a radio, tuner, or television set.
Recorder - Any device that converts an electronic signal to a magnetic pattern in the oxide coating of a magnetic tape.
Reference video signal - A video signal which contains a sync signal or
sync and burst signals, used as a reference for synchronization of
video equipment.
Resolution - The degree to which fine detail can be recorded or
displayed. In film, measured in pairs of light and dark lines per
millimeter. In television, measured in lines per scan. Thus, the
horizontal resolution of a television camera would be measured by the
number of discernible vertical lines that could be displayed across the
width of the screen.
RF (Radio Frequency) - That part of the frequency spectrum in which it
is possible to radiate (transmit) electromagnetic waves. Any part of
the broadcast band, including radio and television.
Roll-off - The gradual reduction of frequencies above or below a
certain point. Filters which roll off the bass frequencies are often
included in unidirectional microphones to compensate for proximity
effect.
R—V signal - R (red) signal minus Y (luminance) signal; one of the color difference signals.

S
Safe area - In television graphics or film shot for television, the
area which is almost certain to be displayed on any television set.
About 80% of the scanned area.
Saticon - A television pickup tube used mostly in industrial television and electronic news gathering.
SECAM (System Electronique pour Couleur avec Mémoire) - Video Format at 625 scan lines, tape runs at 25 frames per second.
SEG (Special Effects Generator) - The device in television used to
switch between and combine various picture sources. Also called a
switcher.
Sensitivity - The ability of a device, such as a camera or microphone,
to sense intelligible information and convert it into a usable
electronic signal.
Servo - An electronic circuit used to control the speed of a motor
which drives a videotape recorder head assembly drum, which must be
controlled with great precision.
Servo lock - In a VTR, to lock (or synchronize) the operation of the servomechanisms to a reference sync signal.
Shutter speed - The length of time for which the shutter stays open.
The higher the shutter speed is, the more clearly a moving object can
be shot.
Shock mount - A support for a microphone which used rubber of foam
supports to isolate the mic from vibrations which can appear as low
frequency rumble in the audio.
Shotgun microphone - A unidirectional microphone with a narrow pickup pattern.
SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) - A
professional association established in the U.S.A. mainly for the
purpose of setting forth motion picture and television engineering
standards.
S/N Signal-to-Noise ratio - The relation of the strength of the desired
signal to the accompanying electronic interference, the noise. If S/N
is high, sounds are reproduced with less noise and pictures are
reproduced clearly without snow.
Superimposition - The adding or mixing of two video signals to produce
and image with two or more pictures visible simultaneously. Used when a
keyer is not available to add graphics to video. Sometimes used to
refer to a key.
Sync - Any of the signals used to generate and control a television
picture, but, specifically, the portion of the composite video signal
from zero to minus forty IRE units consisting of vertical and
horizontal timing pulses and equalizing signals to maintain the proper
relationship of the two fields of video making up each frame.

T
TBC (Time Base Corrector) - A highly specialized device with the
primary function of making the unstable video output of a videotape
recorder conform to the rigid timing of a signal generator, allowing
videotape to be used as a picture source in combination with other
sources driven by the signal generator.
Time code - A digitally encoded signal that is recorded on videotape to
identify each frame of video by hour, minute, second and frame number.
SMPTE time code is applied to NTSC system, and EBU time code to PAL and
SECAM systems. There are two kinds of recorded signal: longitudinal
time code (LTC) and vertical interval time code (VITC). See also LTC
and VITC.
Time code lock - To synchronize the built-in time code generator of video equipment such as a VTR to an external time code.
Titles - Graphic information appearing at the beginning of a program,
generally including the title, author, producer, writer, director, and
major personalities.
Tracking control - The control used to maintain alignment of the video head with the tracks of video information on a tape.
Tuner - The demodulator section of a radio, television set, or videotape recorder.

U
UHF (Ultra High Frequency) - Radio frequencies from 300 to 3,000 megahertz.
U-matic - The standard format for 3/4 inch videocassette recorders.
This format has a maximum record/play time of one hour and two discrete
audio channels.
User’s bits - A total of 32 bits are provided in time code which you
can use to record such information as date, scene number, or reel
number on videotape.

V
Vectorscope - A special type of oscilloscope designed to display the
saturation and hue of chroma signals in a polar pattern. This device is
essential in the evaluation of color signals when aligning color
picture sources or matching and timing color sources in a television
system.
VHF (Very High Frequency) - Radio frequencies from 30 to 300 megahertz.
VHS - A half inch videocassette format using the “M” wrap tape path. Not compatible with the BETA format.
Video gain - Amount of amplification for video signals, expressed in decibels (dB).
Viewfinder - A video monitor attached directly to a video camera.
Videocassette - A container holding both the feed and take-up reels
which is inserted into a videotape recorder and threaded automatically.
Volt - The standard unit for measuring the difference of potential between two points in an electronic circuit.
VTR - Videotape recorder.
VITC (Vertical Interval Time Code) - A time code recorded on videotape
in two horizontal lines during each vertical blanking period of a video
signal. Unlike LTC, VITC is recorded in the same tracks as the video
information, so they can be read even while the tape is not moving. See
also Time code and LTC.

W
Watt - Unit of electrical power equal to one volt across a resistance of one ohm, or one volt at a current of one ampere.
Waveform monitor - A specialized oscilloscope designed to display the
video waveform with great stability and high resolution. Essential in
determining and setting correct levels for the luminance (monochrome)
and sync portions of the composite video signal and useful in
evaluating critical timing relationships.
White balance adjustment - In the light of a particular color
temperature, to adjust the white levels of the R, G, and B channels of
a color video camera so that any white object shot in that light is
reproduced as a truly white image. See also Color temperature.
White shading - When shooting a white object, the upper and lower
portions of the screen may appear magenta or green while the central
portion appears white, depending on the performance of the camera lens.
This is called white shading.
Wind screen - A thin soft foam cover for microphones which reduces the noise made by wind striking the microphone.
Wipe - The transition between television picture sources in which each
picture source is displayed on only a portion of the screen, that
portion being determined by an electronically generated pattern which
can be sized and positioned using a special effects generator.

X
XLR or Cannon - A three-pin audio connector used with balanced lines in microphone and line level audio applications.

Z
Zebra pattern - In a video camera, striped patterns which appear in the
viewfinder screen to indicate areas of the image where the video level
is higher than a certain value.
Zoom - To gradually change the field of view of a camera lens from wide
to narrow angle (zoom in) or narrow to wide angle (zoom out).
Zoom lens - A lens with a variable focal length.
Zoom ratio - The ratio of the longest focal length to the shortest focal length of a zoom lens.

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